🇨🇦CANADA

CANADA IS–   VA.-  33       @Vancouver, Ottawa

  • WHITE= Auxerrois, Bacchus, Chardonnay, Chasselas, Chenin Blanc, Gerwürztraminer, Grüner Veltliner, Kerner, Muscat(Ottonel), Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gri, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Viognier
    • –Hybrids– L’Acadie Blanc, Castel, Dutchess, Ehrenfelser, Felser, Geisenheim, Ortega, Seyval Blanc, Siegerrebe, St. Pepin, Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dornfelder, Gamay, Merlot, Malbec, Nebbiolo, Petite Verdot, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tannat, Zweigelt
    • –Hybrids– Baco Noir, Chambourcin, DeChaunac, Frontenac, Leon Millot, Luci Kuhlman, Marechal Foch, Marquette, Mischurnitz

GEOGRAPHY– HEMISPHERE-Northern, COUNTRY-Canada, +Latitude(50° to 56.3°‘N’)

  • BORDERS-North Pole(North), USA.(South)
  • Sub-Region- British Columbia VQA.(West), Ontario VQA.(East-Central), Nova Scotia(East)
  • GEOGRAPHIC DISCLAIMER~“To Understand the Wine World and Benefit From DtheV.com a Comprehension of Canada’s Geography is Needed and the Ability to Visualize Its Wine Regions Topography.  Canada is Organized In a North to South, / East to West Orientation and Intended to Be Researched as So.”

TOPOGRAPHY– 

  • FEATURES- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly/ Mountainous/ Terraced/ Benches”
    • On~Coast~Pacific/ Atlantic~Oceans~
  • TOPOGRAPHIC EVENTS-
    • The Canadian Shield- Ice-Soured Area of Precambian Rocks Surrounding Hudson Bay and Covering Half the Country.
    • Niagara Escarpment-650 Mile Long Limestone Ridge From the Jurassic Period That Runs/ Arcs  From the Great Lakes Region (West of Lake Michigan) Up Into Canada and Back Down Into New York South of Lake Ontario.
      • Escarpment is Composed of the Lockport Formation of Silurian Age.
      • The Niagara Escarpment Contains the Lake Effect, Between the Two There’s a Constant Recirculating of the Warmer Air In the Winter and the Cooler Air In the Summer.
    • Rocky Mountains-
    • The Plateau Region-
    • Coastal Mountain Range-
  • VOLANISM~ ~Mount Boucherie~ British Columbia

SOILS– “Metamorphic”, “Volcanic”, “Sedimentary”

  • **Refer to “TERROIR/ Geology & Soil” For Detailed Information On Soils.

CLIMATE–  “Maritime”, “Continental”

VITICULTURE– (59% White/41% Red)

  • Canada is: #31 In Grape Production, #26 In Wine Consumption In World.

VINICULTURE–  

  • ICE WINE    
  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Riesling, Vidal Blanc, Seyval Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc
    • Thick Skinned Grapes Do Better For Producing Ice Wine, the Thicker the Skin the Longer the Grape Can Stay On the Vine Without Rotting.
  • GEOGRAPHY- REGIONS-Niagara, Ontario, Similkameen Valley, British Columbia
  • VITICULTURE- First Commercial  Canadian Ice Wine Was Produced In 1972.
    • CHALLENGE– If Weather Doesn’t Freeze Fast Enough Grapes Rot and There’s a Chance For a Lost Harvest. Grapes Shouldn’t Be Effected by Botrytis Prior to Freezing, Only Healthy Grapes Stand Up to Freezing Temperatures.
    • In Late Fall Nets Have to Be Placed Over Vine For Protection of Birds, Boars and Deer.
    • Yields Are 5%- 10% of Normal Grapes. 10 Pounds of Grapes Are Needed to Produce 375 ml. Bottle
    • VINICULTURE-
      • Grapes Are Over Ripe, Late Harvest and Raisining When Freezing Starts.
      • Brix. Measurements Are Usually Between 38.5% and 41.5%.
      • Canada Requires Temperature at 17.6° F./ -8° C. or Lower For at Least 3 Days.  Before the Harvest of Frozen Grapes an Inspector Has to Access the Grapes For Approval.
      • Harvested Berries Are Immediately Crushed Using Heavy-Duty Hydraulic Basket Press.
    • Estate/ Producers- Cave Springs, Flat Rock, Jackson-Trigs, Mission Hill, Inniskillin, Peller, Pillitteri, Reif
  • PIONEERS~ ~Karl Kaiser~
    • Moved From Austria to Ontario, Canada, In Late 1960 and Started Growing Grapes to Make Ice Wine.
    • **Refer to “WINE STYLES/ Ice Wine” For Additional Information.

CULTURE

  • ACADEMICS~ ~Brock~   @Hamilton, Ontario
    • Specialization~ Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute CCOVI.
  • FESTIVALS~  ~Winter Wine Festival~ (January/ Vancouver Island)
  • FESTIVALS~ ~Vancouver International Wine Festival~ (February/Canada)

WINE LAW & CLASSIFICATION

  • GOVERNING BODY-
    • ~Canada Vintners Quality Alliance~ VQA.
      • Mission~ Regulates Appellation System, Region of Origins, and Tasting Panel For Quality Assurance For Customers.
  • LAWS GOVERNING- Geography, Quality-Strict Lab-Standards Tests, Yields
    • -Label Requirement-
      • 85%- of Grapes Must Come From Stated Appellation
      • 100% From Sub-Appellation
    • Cellared In Canada- Certain Producers Are Grandfathered In Under the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement and Are Legally Permitted to Produce Wines From a Blend of Foreign Grapes Not Grown In Canada But Imported In and “Cellared In Canada.”
    • WINES OF DISTINCTION- Second Classification, Less Stringent Quality Control
  • SUB-CHAPTERS Of CANADA
    • British Columbia
    • North Canada
    • Ontario
    • Nova Scotia
  • **Refer to Proceeding Sub-Chatpers Below For Detailed Information.

BRITISH COLUMBIA VQA. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA IS–   VA.- 14     @Vancouver

  • WHITE= Auxerrois, Bacchus, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Kerner, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gri, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Viognier
    • –Hybrids– L’Acadie Blanc, Castel, Chambourcin, Castel, Ehrenfelser, Felser, Geisenheim, Ortega, Seyval Blanc, Siegerrebe, Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Agria AKA=Turan, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dornfelder, Gamay, Malbec, Merlot, Nebbiolo, Petite Verdot, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tempranillo, Zweigelt
    • –Hybrids– Leon Millot Marechal Foch

GEOGRAPHY– Canada(West), REGION-British Columbia, +Latitude(50° to 53°‘N’)

  • British Columbia is Considered Part of Pacific North West.

TOPOGRAPHY–  FEATURES- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly/ Mountainous/ Terraced”

SOILS–  “Metamorphic”, “Volcanic”, “Sedimentary”, Sandy, Gravely, Silt, Clay, Limestone

CLIMATE– West British Columbia- “Maritime”,  East British Columbia- “Continental”

  • *Summers– Mild, Dry During Growing   |  *Winters– Cold, Wet Season
  • +RAIN SHADOW EFFECT/~Coast Mountain Range~

VITICULTURE– 4,200 ha. Planted, (White 49%/ Red 51%),  97% Vitis Vinifera, 3% Hybrid

CULTURE

  • ASSOCIATIONS~ ~Columbia Vintners Quality Alliance~
    • ~British Columbia Winegrowers ABCW~
      • Mission~ Collection of 57 Family Owned and Operated Wineries, Accounting For 70% of British Columbia Wine.

GOING THERE

  • FESTIVALS~  ~Winter Wine Festival~ (January/ Vancouver Island)
  • FESTIVALS~ ~Vancouver International Wine Festival~ (February/Canada)

“West British Columbia”

VANCOUVER ISLAND VQA.      @Duncan

  • WHITE= Auxerrois, Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc
    • –Hybrids– Castel, Ortega, Siegerrebe
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah
    • –Hybrid– Marechal Foch
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-West), @Hw.#1
    • South-West of Vancouver-City(      km.), “Multi-Appellation”
    • Sub-Regions- Alberni Valley, Black Creek, Coutenay, Cowlchan Valley, Nanalmo, Parksville, Saarnich Peninsula, Sooke, Victoria
  • TOPOGRAPHY– “Flat/ Rolling”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Vancouver~Island~/ Saanich Bay~
    • On~Cowichan~River~
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”
  • CLIMATE- “Maritime”
  • VITICULTURE- 432 ha. Planted
    • Many Wineries Produce Wines From Okanagan Valley Alongside Their Estate Wine.
  • VINICULTURE-
    • Estate/ Producers–(Not Found In Demarcated Sub-Zone.)- 40 Knots, Chase & Warren, Cherry Point, Blue Grouse, Vigneti Zanatta
    • Vineyards-(Not Found In Demarcated Sub-Zone.)- Damali
  • GOING THERE- WINE TRAILS~ ~Vancouver Island Wine Trail~
    • FESTIVALS~ ~Winter Wine Festival~ (January/ Vancouver Island)

  • COWICHAN VALLEY VQA.     @

    • WHITE= Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc
      • –Hybrids– Ortega
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-West), In Vancouver Island VA.
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat, Rolling/ Hilly/ Valley(Cowichan)”, SLOPES/ Mount Prevost, +Altitude( ? mt.)
      • On~Vancouver~Island~
    • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”
    • CLIMATE- “Maritime”
    • VITICULTURE-  ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers– 22 Oaks, Alderlea, Averill Creek, Blue Grouse(E.), Cherry Point(24ac.), Damali, Deol, Divino, Emandare, Enrico(18ac,), Rocky Creek, Unsworth, Venturi-Schulze, Zanatta
      • Vineyards- Averill Creek“Estate”,
    • CULTURE-  Many Wine Tours Companies
  • SAANICH PENINSULA VQA.     @Victoria
    • WHITE= Chardonnay, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-West), In Vancouver Island VA.
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Vancouver~Island~
    • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”
    • CLIMATE- “Maritime”
    • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers– Church & State, Dragonfly Hill, Muse, Rochette, Symphony, De Vine

GULF ISLANDS VQA.     @

  • WHITE=  Chardonnay, Gewürtztraminer, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc
    • –Hybrids– Ortega, Siegerrebe
  • RED= Agria AKA=Turan, Cabernet Franc, Dornfelder, Pinot Noir
    • –Hybrids– Leon Millot, Marechal Foch 
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-West), Sub-Islands-(8)– 
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), Georgia Strait, Separating Vancouver Island & Mainland
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”
  • CLIMATE- “Maritime”,  +RAIN SHADOW/ ~Vancouver Island Range~
  • VITICULTURE- 44ha. Planted
  • SUB-ZONES Of GULF ISLANDS
  • DENMAN ISLAND– 
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(North)
    • Estate/ Producers- Beaufort, Corlan(1.5ha.)
  • HORNDY ISLAND–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(North)
    • Estate/ Producers- Hornby Island Winery, Isla de Lerena, Little Tribune(1.5ha.)
  • QUADRA ISLAND–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(North)
    • Estate/ Producers- South End
  • GABRIOLA ISLAND–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(East-Central)
    • Estate/ Producers- Ravenskill
  • THETIS ISLAND–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(South)
    • Estate/ Producers- Jasmin
  • SALT SPRING–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(South)
    • Estate/ Producers- Garry Oaks, Kutatas, Salt Spring
  • PENDER ISLAND–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(South)
    • Estate/ Producers- Sea Star
  • SATURAN ISLAND–
    • Geography- REGION-British Columbia, SUB-ZONE-Gulf Islands(South)
    • Estate/ Producers- 

FRASER VALLEY VQA.     @Abbotsford, Langley

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Kerner, Madeleine Angevine, Pinot Gris, Reischensteiner, Semillon, Siegerrebe
    • –Hybrids– Bacchus
  • RED= Cabernet Sauvignon, Madeleine Angevine, Merlot, Pinto Noir, Syrah, Zweigelt
    • –Hybrids– Marechal Foch
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(South-West), @Hw.#A1/# 12
    • East of Vancouver-City(20km.), BORDERS-America(South)
    • CITIES– Abbotsford, Hope, Langley
    • Sub-Zones- Abbotsford, Delta, Langley/ Aldergrove, New Westminster, Richmond, Sachelt, Surrey, Vancouver
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Valley(Fraser)/ Canyon(Fraser)”
    • SLOPES/ Coast Mountains(North), Cascade Mountains(North-East), +Altitude( ? mt.)
    • On Coast/Strait of Juan de Fuca/On~Fraser~River~
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Alluvial, Sandy Loam, Red Clay
  • CLIMATE- “Maritime”
  • VITICULTURE- 200 ac. Planted
    • CHALLENGES/ Frost, Limited Warm Days
  • VINICULTURE- 
    • Estate/ Producers- Artisan Sakemaker, Backyard, Blackwood Lane, De Chaberton, Glass House, Lotusland, Lulu Island, Maan, Maple Creek, Mt. Lehman(2ha.), Ripples, Seaside Pearl, Singletree(8ha.), Township 7(Sparkling), Vista d’Oro
    • Vineyards- Chaberton“Estate”(35ha.), Township 7“Estate”
  • CULTURE- AKA=Lower Midlands
    • HOME MARKET~ ~Vancouver~ 45 Minute Drive to the West.
    • WINE TRAILS~ ~Fraser Valley Wine Trail~

“East British Columbia”

SIMILKAMEEN VALLEY VQA.      @Keremeos, Osoyoos

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Reisling
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Merlot, Nebbiolo, Pinot Noir, Syrah
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-West),  @Hw.#3/ #38
    • South-West of Vancouver-City(150km.), BORDERS-America(South)
    • Sub-Zones- Cawston, Keremeos
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Valley(Similkameen)”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”
  • CLIMATE- “Maritime”
  • VITICULTURE- 691 ac. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Burrowing Owl, Cerelia, Clos du Soleil, Corcelettes, Crowsnest, Herder, Keremeos, Orofino(5.5ha.), Robin Ridge, Severn Stones
  • GOING THERE- WINE TRAILS~ ~Similkameen Valley Wine Trail~

OKANAGAN VALLEY VQA.      @British Columbia

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Chasselas, Chenin Blanc, Ehrenfelser, Gewürztraminor, Grüner Veltliner, Muscat, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gri, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Viognier
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Syrah, Malbec, Marechal Foch, Merlot, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Tempranillo, Zweigelt
    • –Hybrid– Chambourcin, Marechal Foch
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(Central), +Latitude(49° to 50°‘N’)
    • BETWEEN-Vancouver & Calgary, East of Vancouver-City(400km.) “Multi-Appellation”
    • (140km. Long), Northern End of Sonora Desert, +RAIN/ 12+ Inches/ Year
    • Macro-Sub-Zones- North Okanagan   |   Mid Okanagan   |   South Okanagan
    • Sub-VA.’s- Black Sage/ Osoyoos VA., East Kelowna Slope VA., Golden Mile Slope VA., Kelowna-Mount Boucherie VA., Kelowna-North Okanagan VA., Naramata Bench VA., North Kelowna Slope VA., , Okanagan Falls VA., Oliver/ Golden Mile Bench VA., Peachland VA., Penticton VA., Skaha Bench VA.,  Summerland Bench VA., Summerland Lakefront VA.
  • TOPOGRAPHY- Features– “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly/ Mountainous/ Terraced”
    • SLOPES/ Columbia Mountain Range(Cariboo, Monashee, Purcell, Selkirk)/ Cascade Mountain Range(Hozameen, Okanagan, Skagit)/ Coastal Mountain Range, +Altitude(1,000ft. to 2,000ft.)
    • On~Okanagan~Lake(750 ft. Deep)/ Okanagan~River~Tributary~Columbia~River~
    • Area is Comprised by a Series of Lakes With Okanagan Being the Largest at 84 Miles Long, 3 Miles Wide.
      • Other Lakes: Kalamalka, Osoyoos, Skaha, Swan, Wood, Vaseux
    • ON BENCH/ ~Golden Mile~, ~Naramata~, ~Skaha~
    • ON PLATEAU/ ~British Columbia Interior~
    • Topographic Events- Volcanic Events, Glacial Activity
      • Formed by the Advance/ Regress of Glacial Ice Sheet In Teritary and Quaternay Periods Between 9,000 & 11,000 Years Ago.
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Volcanic”, “Sedimentary”, Glacial Moraine/ Sediment
    • Alluvial…Gravel, Silt, Over Bedrock Sub-Soil,  –Lost Creek Series–
    • ~Olhausen Series~ Wind Blown Aeolian Layered Over Glacial Lake Silt.
  • CLIMATE- “Continental/ Cool”(North), “Continental/ Warm”(South)
    • *Summers– Hot, Long Growing Season   |   *Winters– Cold, Wet, +Diurnal Shifts(40°Variation)
    • LAKE EFFECT/ Okanagan, Lake Tapers Weather by 5°- 7° In Summer and Winter.
      • Vineyards Surrounded by Snow Covered Peaks Moderated by the Body of Water.
  • VITICULTURE- 3,575 ha.,
    • CHALLENGES– Irrigation Needed, by Glacier Fed Lake.
      • Birds(Stallings), Racoons, Beer, Deer
    • ADVANTAGES– Warmest Region In Canada, +Photosynthesis by +Latitude/ +2 Hour Growing Days
    • Estate/ Producers-(Not Found In Demarcated Sub-Zone.)– Checkmate, Desert Valley, The Hatch, Lakeshore, Lariana Cellars, Mama D, Monarch, Okanagan Crush Pad, Phantom Creek, Stone’s Throw, Vintoro
    • Vineyards-(Not Found In Demarcated Sub-Zone.)– Fritzi’s, Jagged Rock
  • VINICULTURE-  Ice Wine- **Refer to “CANADA/ Home” For Details On Ice Wine.
    • BOTRYTIS– WHITE= Optima, Riesling
    • VERGLAS– +BLENDED/ Ice Wine,  Botrytis Wine
    • SPARKLING/ Method: Traditional,  Ancestrale
  • HISTORY- 1932- Calone Becomes First Commercial Winery In Okanagan.
  • CULTURE- ~Etymology~ Okanagan Meaning Place of Water In Native Salish Dialect.
  • GOING THERE- FESTIVALS~ ~Okanagan Wine Festival~ (September)
    • FESTIVALS~ ~Festival of the Grape~ (October/ Oliver, Okanagan Valley)
  • SUB-ZONES Of OKANAGAN VALLEY
  • KELOWNA-NORTH OKANAGAN VQA.     @Kelowna
    • WHITE= Chardonnay, Chasselas, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA., @Hw.#33
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(North)
    • VITICULTURE-   ?  ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- 50th. Parallel(20ha.), Boucherie, Cedar Ridge, House of Rose Sperling, Rust Wine Co., Tantalus
      • Vineyards- Tantalus
  • KELOWNA-MOUNT BOUCHERIE VQA.     @Kelowna
    • WHITE= Chardonnay, Chasselas, Grüner Veltliner, Muscat, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA.(North-East), @Hw.#97
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(North-West)
    • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- Cedarcreek(100ha.), Martin’s Lane, Mission Hills, Mainie, Qualls’ Gate(79ac.), Summerhill Pyramind(21ha./Bio.-Dyn.)
      • Vineyards– Fritzi’s, Jagged Rock, Simes
    • GOING THERE- WINE TRAILS~ ~Kelowna Wine Trail~
  • PEACHLAND VQA.     @
    • WHITE= Gewürztraminer, Pinot Gri, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA., @Hw.#97
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(West-Central)
    • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- Greata Ranch, Hainle
  • SUMMERLAND VQA.     @Summerland
    • WHITE= Gewürztraminer, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA., @Hw.#97
      • Sub-Zones- Prairie Valley
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude(680mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(West-Central)
    • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- 8th. Generation, Bonitas, Dirty Laundry, Haywire, Heavens’s Gate, Hollywood & Wine, Saxon, Sleeping Giant, Sonoran, Summerhill Pyramid, Summerland Heritage, Valentine Farm
  • NARAMATA BENCH VQA. (Un-Official)     @Naramata, Penticton
    • WHITE= Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Gris, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Tempranillo
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA., @Hw.#33
      • Bench Between Penticton Creek and Okanagan Mountain Park.
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(East-Central)
    • VITICULTURE- 618 ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- D’Angelo, Bella Wines, Bench 1775, Black Widow, Daydreamer, Deep Roots, Howling Bluff, Kettle Valley, Lang, Laughing Stock, Martins Lane, Poplar Grove(10ac.), Red Rooster, Terra Vista, Tightrope
      • Vineyards- McGraw, Nichol, Monster, Naramata Ranch, Poplar Grove, Serendipity, Terravista, Therepy, Van Westen
    • GOING THERE- WINE TRAILS~ ~Naramata Bench Wine Trail~
  • PENTICTON VQA. (Un-Official)     @
    • WHITE= Gewürztraminer, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA., @Hw.#33
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(East-Central)
    • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers-  3 Mile Estate, Clean Slate, La Frenz, Hill Side, Perseus, Red Rooster, Terravista, Upper Bench
      • Vineyards-
  • OKANAGAN FALLS VQA.     @Okanagan Falls
    • WHITE= Autumn Gold, Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Blanc, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA.,  @Hw.#97
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(South-East)
    • VITICULTURE-  539 ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- Alto Wine, Black Dog, Blue Mountain, Hester Creek(70ac.), Jackson Triggs, Liquidity, Meyer Family, Noble Ridge, Road 13, Se Ya Later Ranch, Stag’s Hollow, Stoneboat(50ac.), Synchromesh, Tangled Vines, Tinhorn Creek, Wild Goose
    • GOING THERE- WINE TRAILS~ ~Southern Okanagan Wine Trail~
  • OLIVER/ GOLDEN MILE VQA.     @Oliver
    • WHITE= Chardonnay, Gewürztraminor, Grüner Veltliner, Muscat, Pinot Gris, Riesling
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA.,  @Hw.#97
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly/ Bench(Golden Mile)”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(South-East)
    • VITICULTURE- 3,543 ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- Antelope Ridge, Black Hills, Burrowing Owl(180ac.), Culmina, Coyote Bowl, Golden Beaver, Money Pit, Moon Curser, Platinum Bench, Stoneboat, Willow Hill
      • Vineyards- Margaret’s Bench
  • OSOYOOS/BLACK SAGE VQA.    @Osoyoos
    • WHITE= Pinot Gris
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia, In Okanagan Valley AVA., @Hw.#97/ #3
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Okanagan~Lake~(South)
    • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Clay
    • CLIMATE- “Continental”
    • VITICULTURE- 1,510 ha. Planted
      • Estates/ Producers- Adega On 45th., Inniskillin Okanagan, Golden Mile, Gold Hill, Mission Hill, Nk’Mip, Phamtom Creek, Young and Wyse
      • Vineyards- Border Vista

KOOTENAYS VQA.     @Creston

  • WHITE= Auxerrois, Chardonnay, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Gris, Riesling
  • RED= Gamay, Marechal Foch, Pinot Noir
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(South-East), @Hw.#3
    • East of Okanagan Valley(50km.), But Isn’t Considered Part of Okanagan Valley.
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly/ Mountainous/ Valley(Kootenays)”
    • SLOPES/ Kootenays Valley, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Kootenay~Lake~
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”
  • VITICULTURE- 83 ac. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Baillie-Grohman, Columbia Gardens Heron Ridge, Red Bird, Skimmerhorn, Vally of the Springs, William Tell, Wynnwood
    • Vineyards- Columbia Gardens“Estate”, Mountain Soul“Estate”, Skinnerhorn“Estate”

“North British Columbia”

LILLOOET VQA.     @Lillooet

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Grüner Veltliner, Pinot Gris, Riesling
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-Central), SUB-REGION-Cariboo Chilcotin
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”
  • VITICULTURE- 29 ac. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Fort Berens

THOMPSON VALLEY GI.     @Kamloops

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Riesling
  • RED= Marechal Foch, Marquette
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-Central)
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Valley(Thompson)”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Thompson~River~
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”
  • VITICULTURE- 107 ac. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Harpers Trail
    • Vineyards- Thadd Springs

SHUSWAP VQA.     @Salmon Arm

  • WHITE= Bacchus, Gewürztraminer, Kerner, Madeleine Sylvaner, , Ortega, Siegerrebe
  • RED= Marechal Foch, Pinot Noir, Zwelgelt
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-British Columbia(North-East)
    • BORDERS-Okanagan Valley(South)
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Shuswap~Lake~
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”
  • VITICULTURE- 102 ac. Planted, Viticulture Since  1997
    • Estate/ Producers- Larch Hills

ONTARIO VQA. 

ONTARIO IS–    VQA– 5      @Ontaro

  • WHITE= Riesling 20%, Chardonnay 9%, Gewürztraminer, Kerner, Muscat(Ottonel), Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Viognier
    • –Hybrids–Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc 15%, Baco Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Malbec, Merlot, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tannat, Zweigelt
    • –Hybrids– Chambourcin, Frontenac, Marechal Foch

GEOGRAPHY– Canada(East), REGION-Ontario, +Latitude(51.2°‘N’)

  • Sub-Zones/ VA.’s- Lake Erie North Shore, Niagara Peninsula, Prince Edward County
  • Most of Ontario’s Vineyards Are at Lower Latitudes and Close Proximity to Lakes and Rivers

TOPOGRAPHY– FEATURES– “Flat/ Rolling”, +Altitude(30mt. to 150mt.)

  • On~Erie/ Ontaria Lakes, On~Niagara~River~
  • Sub-Zones- Flat Area, The Bench, Ontario Lake
  • Niagara Escarpment- 650 Mile Long Limestone Ridge From the Jurassic Period That Runs/ Arcs  From the Great Lakes Region (West of Lake Michigan) Up Into Canada and Back Down Into New York South of Lake Ontario.
    • Escarpment is Composed of the Lockport Formation of Silurian Age.
    • The Niagara Escarpment Contains the Lake Effect, Between the Two There’s a Constant Recirculating of the Warmer Air In the Winter and the Cooler Air In the Summer.
  • TOPOGRAPHIC EVENTS–
    • The Canadian Shield- Ice-Soured Area of Precambrian Rocks Surrounding Hudson Bay and Covering Half the Country.
    • Northern Margin-  Which is a Raised Land Mass South of Lake Ontario.  This Margin Shields New York From a Small Percentage of Harsh Weather.
    • Glacial Activity– ? Glacier Influence

SOILS– “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”

CLIMATE– “Continental”, LAKE EFFECT/ Moderated by Surrounding Lakes

  • *Summers– Warm, Humid   |   *Winters– Cold, Snow

VITICULTURE

  • CHALLENGES– Fungal Diseases, Frost, Snow

VINICULTURE

  • Ice Wine- **Refer to “CANADA/ Home” For Details On Ice Wine.

CULTURE

  • ASSOCIATIONS~ ~Vintners Quality Alliance Ontario~
    • Mission~ Agency Responsible For maintaining the Integrity of Local Wine Appellations and Enforcing Winemaking and Labelling Standards.

LAKE ERIE NORTH SHORE VQA.     @Chatam-Kent

  • WHITE= Riesling
    • –Hybrids– Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Merlot
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Ontario(South)
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Lake~Erie~(North-West)
    • Glacial Activity– Rhine Glacier Influence
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Glacial Deposits, Sandy Loam, Clay
  • CLIMATE- “Continental”, LAKE EFFECT/ Lake Erie
  • VITICULTURE-  ? ha. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Johnson Estate, Liberty Vineyards, Merritt Estate, North 42 Degrees, Woodbury

NIAGARA PENINSULA VQA.     @Niagara-On-the-Lake

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc
    • –Hybrids– Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Malbec, Merlot, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tannat
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Ontario(South-Central), South of Toronto-City(126km.)
    • CITIES-Hamilton, Niagara Falls, +Latitude(43.2°‘N’)
    • Sub-Region/ VA.’s–(10)– Beansville Bench VA., Creek Shore VA., Four Mile Creek VA., Lincoln Lakeshore VA., Niagara Lakeshore VA., Niagara River VA., Short Hills Bench VA., St. David’s Bench VA., Twenty Mile Bench VA., Vinemount Ridge VA.
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly/ Terraced”, On~Lake~Ontario~(South-West)
    • SLOPES/ Niagara Escarpment, +Altitude(180mt.)
      • (From Grimsby to St. Catharines) Follows Shoreline of Lake.
    • Events- Queenstown Formation, 
    • Glacial Activity– ? Glacier Influence
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Queenstown Formation, Limestone, Clay
  • CLIMATE- “Continental”, LAKE EFFECT/ Lake Ontario
  • VITICULTURE- 5,600 ac  ha. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers-(Not Located In Demarcated Sub-Zone)– 13th. Street, Adamo, Charmes(International/279ac.), Foreign Affair, Inniskillin, Jackson-Triggs, Konzelmann, Pearl Morissette(Nat.Pro.), Peller, Ravinevineyard, Reif, Reimer, Riverview, Pillitteri, Ravine, Reif, Southbrook, Speck Brothers, Strewn, Stratus, Trius, Wayne Gretzky
    • Vineyards-(Not Located In Demarcated Sub-Zone)– Adamo“Estate”(25ac.),Delaine, Dick, Glenlake, Lepp, Lepp Ember Path, McNab, Wiens
  • VINICULTURE- Ice Wine– WHITE= Vidal Blanc, Must Be 100% From VQA.
      • **Refer to “CANADA/ Home” For Details On Ice Wine.
  • GOING THERE- FESTIVALS~ ~Niagara Icewine Festival~ (January)
    • WINE TRAILS~ ~Niagara-On-the-Lake Wine Trail~
  • SUB-ZONES Of NIAGARA PENINSULA
  • LINCOLN LAKESHORE VQA.     @
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(West), On~Lake~Ontario~
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, At Foot of Bench, ON PLAIN/~Lake Iroquois~
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Back 10 Cellars, Fielding, Greenlane, Hillebrand Trius, Leaning Post, Meldville, Redstone, Tasse Van Bers
      • Vineyards- Grimsby Hillside, Senchuk
  • CREEK SHORE VQA.     @Jordan
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(West)
      • On~Lake~Ontario~(Near/5km.)
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, ON PLAIN/~Lake Iroquois~
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- 13th. Street, Creekside, Pearl Morissette
      • Vineyards- L Viscek
  • BEANSVILLE BENCH VQA.      @Beansville
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(West)
      • On Niagara Escarpment(West), @Hw.#81
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly/ Terrace”, SLOPES/ Niagara Escarpment
    • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Limestone, Gravel, Sand, Silt
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Cave Springs(90ha.), Fielding, Hidden Bench, Malivoire, Mike Weir, Organized Crime, Peninsula Ridge, Thirty Bench, Two Sisters
      • Vineyards- Felseck, Steel Post(1.6ha.)
  • TWENTY MILE BENCH VQA.      @Vineland
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(West)
      • On Niagara Escarpment(Central), @Hw.#81
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, SLOPES/ Niagara Escarpment
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Bachelor Niagara, Bachelder, Big Head, Le Clos Jordanne, Cloudsley, Flat Rock(30ha.), Tawse, Vineland(101ha.)
      • Vineyards- Carly’s, Foxcroft, Le Grand Clos, Robyn’s, Wismer-Foxcroft, Nadja, Wingfield
  • SHORT HILLS BENCH VQA.       @
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(West)
      • On Niagara Escarpment(East)
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Bachelder, Henry of Pelham(121ha.)
      • Vineyards- Wiley
  • VINEMOUNT RIDGE  VQA.      @
    • RED= Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(West)
      • Interior Area Behind Escarpment
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling/ Hilly”, SLOPES/ Niagara Escarpment
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Charles Baker, Fogolar, Westcott
      • Vineyards- Block 76 Picone
  • NIAGARA LAKESHORE  VQA.        @
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(East)
      • On~Lake~Ontario~
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers-
  • FOUR MILE CREEK  VQA.         @
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(East), Below Bench
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, SLOPES/ Niagara Escarpment, +Altitude(89mt. to 105mt.)
    • SOILS- Queenstown Formation,  Red Slate, Silt
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Bachelder, North 42 Degrees, Trius
      • Vineyards- Ba Xu, Bator, Ghost Creek, Willms
  • ST. DAVID’S BENCH  VQA.       @
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(East)
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, +Altitude(150mt.)
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Des Charmes, Ravine, Queenston Mile
      • Vineyards- St. David’s Bench, Queenston Mile“Estate”
  • NIAGARA RIVER VQA.        @
    • GEOGRAPHY- REGION-Ontario, SUB-REGION-Niagara Peninsula(East)
    • TOPOGRAPHY- “Rolling”, On~Niagara~River~
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers- Reif

PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY VQA.     @Picton

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Gewürtztraminer, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Savagnin
    • –Hybrids– Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Blaufrankisch, Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Syrah
    • –Hybrids– Baco Noir, Chambourcin, Frontenac Noir, Marechal Foch
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Ontario(East), COUNTY– ?, @Hw.#33
    • CITIES– Bloomfield, Hillier, Milford, North Marysburgh, Picton, Wellington
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly”, SLOPES/ ?, +Altitude(30mt.)
    • On~Lake~Ontario/Consecon~Lake~(North-East)
    • Glacial Activity– ? Glacier Influence
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Limestone, Gravel, Sandy-Loam, Hillier Clay-Loam
  • CLIMATE- “Continental”,  +Lake Effect/ Lake Erie
  • VITICULTURE- ?  ha. Planted
    • CHALLENGES/ Winter Vine-Kill
  • VINICULTURE- Ice Wine– WHITE= Vidal Blanc
    • Estate/ Producers- Black Prince, Broken Stone, By Chadsey’s Cairns, Casa-Dea, Closson Chase, Del-Gatto, Grange, Harwood, Hinterland(Sparkling), Huff, Keint-He, Lacey, Long Dog, Norman Hardie, The Old Third, Redtail, Rosehall Run, Sandbanks, Sugarbush, Terra, Three Dog, Trail, Traynor, Waupoos
    • Vineyards- Amanda’s, Black River, Cold Creek, Norman Hardie“Estate”, The Old Third“Estate”, Redtail“Estate”, Traynor“Estate”, Trivia, Two Bridges, Wicked Point
  • CULTURE- ECONOMICS~ History of Cheese Production.

PELEE VQA.     @Ontario

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc
    • –Hybrids– Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Baco Noir, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Gamay, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Zweigelt
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Ontario(East)
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling”, +Altitude( ? mt.), On~Lake~Erie~
    • Glacial Activity– Rhine Glacier Influence
  • SOILS- “Metamorphic”, “Sedimentary”, Limestone, Clay
  • CLIMATE- “Continental”, LAKE EFFECT/ Lake Erie
  • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
  • VINICULTURE- Ice Wine– WHITE= Vidal Blanc
    • Estate/ Producers- Pelee Island

NOVA SCOTIA     @Halfax

  • WHITE= Chardonnay, Chasselas, Muscat, Pinot Gri, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc

    • –Hybrids– L’Acadie Blanc, Castel, Geisenheim, Ortega, Seyval Blanc, Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc, Gamay, Pinot Noir
    • –Hybrids– Baco Noir, DeChaunac, Luci Kuhlman, Marechal Foch, Mischurnitz
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(North), On~ ~Bay~
    • Sub-Zones- Annapolis Valley(Bay of Fundy), Cape Breton Island, Northumberland Shore, South Shore
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • CLIMATE- “Continental”
  • VITICULTURE- 632ac. Planted
  • VITICULTURE- Sparkling,  White,  Red,   Ice Wine
    • Tidal Bay- Produced From Specific Grape Varieties Grown Exclusively In Nova Scotia
  • CULTURE- ASSOCIATIONS~ ~Wine Association of Nova Scotia~

ANNAPOLIS VALLEY VQA.     @Windsor, Kentville

  • WHITE=  Muscat, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc

    • –Hybrids– L’Acadie Blanc, Ortega, Seyval Blanc, Vidal Blanc
  • RED= Cabernet Franc
    • –Hybrids–
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(North), @Hw.#101
    • On~Fundy~Bay~
    • Sub-Zones- Bay of Fundy, BETWEEN 2 Mountain Ranges
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Valley(Gaspereau)”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • CLIMATE- “Continental”
  • VITICULTURE-  ?  ha. Planted
  • VINICULTURE- Ice Wine- WHITE= Ortega
    • Estate/ Producers- L’Acadie(Sparkling), Benjamin Bridge, Gaspereau(37ac.), Grand Pre
  • AVON RIVER VALLEY     @
    • WHITE=
    • RED= ?
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(South-West), SUB-ZONE-Annapolis Valley
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers-
  • BEAR RIVER     @Digby
    • WHITE=
    • RED= ?
    • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(West), SUB-ZONE-Annapolis Valley
    • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
      • Estate/ Producers-

MALAGASH PENINSULA VQA.    @

  • WHITE= Vidal
  • RED= Macechal,  Foch
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(North), SUB-ZONE-Northumberland Shore
    • On~Northumberland~Strait~
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Jost

LAHAVE RIVER VALLEY VQA.     @Bridgewater

  • WHITE=
  • RED= ?
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(South-Central), SUB-ZONE-South Shore
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers-

CAP BRETON ISLAND     @Port Hawkesbury/ Sydney

  • WHITE=
  • RED= ?
  • GEOGRAPHY- Canada, REGION-Nova Scotia(East)
  • TOPOGRAPHY- “Flat/ Rolling/ Hilly”, +Altitude( ? mt.)
  • VITICULTURE- ? ha. Planted
    • Estate/ Producers- Eileanan Breagha

**Refer to “BIBLIOGRAPHY/ Sources” For Details On Scholarly Works Referenced.